Dans le paysage évolutif de la fabrication avancée, Commande numérique par ordinateur (CNC) machines have become indispensable tools that offer automation, précision, et efficacité. These programmable machines are used across nearly every industry—from aerospace and automotive to electronics and prototyping. This article explores the 12 major types of CNC machines, Comment ils travaillent, and where they are commonly used.
What Is a CNC Machine?
UN Machine CNC is an automated machine tool controlled by computer software and integrated hardware. L'usinage CNC est un subtractive process, meaning it removes material from a workpiece (or blank) to create a desired shape. Cependant, some CNC systems, such as 3D printers, utiliser fabrication additive methods to build parts layer-by-layer.
Whether removing material or adding it, CNC systems rely on GOUJAT (Conception assistée par ordinateur) et CAME (Fabrication assistée par ordinateur) software to convert digital designs into precise physical components.
1. Pick and Place Machine
Pick and Place CNC machines are widely used in electronics manufacturing. These machines have multiple robotic nozzles that automatically pick up tiny components such as resistors, ICs, or capacitors and position them accurately onto printed circuit boards (PCBs).
Applications courantes:
Mobile phone and tablet assembly
Computer motherboard production
High-speed electronics manufacturing
2. CNC 3D Printer
While most CNC machines are subtractive, CNC 3D printers follow an fabrication additive approach. These machines extrude or cure material—usually plastic, résine, or metal powders—layer by layer to form a complete object from a digital model.
Caractéristiques:
High design freedom
Excellent for rapid prototyping
Compatible with PLA, abdos, resins, and metal filaments
les industries:
Aerospace and automotive prototyping
Implants médicaux
Consumer product development
3. Routeur CNC
Routeurs CNC are ideal for cutting and carving soft materials. Unlike mills, which are typically used for metal, routers are more common for woodworking, plastiques, et mousses. Routers operate on three axes and can produce detailed engravings, motifs, or cuts.
Matériaux:
Bois, MDF, plastiques
Aluminum and soft composites
Avantages:
High-speed operation
Cost-effective for soft materials
Larger work area compared to typical mills
4. Machine de forage CNC
CNC drilling machines automate the process of creating holes in metal, bois, or composite materials. These machines use various drill bits and can perform operations like peck drilling, alésage, or tapping.
Types of Bits:
Twist drills
Spotting drills
Screw machine drills
Chucking reamers
Utilisations typiques:
Blocs de moteur de fabrication
Metal fabrication
Assembly line hole preparation
5. CNC Lathe Machine
Tours CNC perform turning operations, removing material from a rotating workpiece using a single-point cutting tool. These machines can perform complex tasks such as threading, grooving, and facing in a single setup.
Les types:
Engine lathe
Turret lathe
Swiss-type lathe
Multi-axis turning centers
Applications:
Shaft and pin manufacturing
Attaches aérospatiales
Automotive bushings
6. 5-Axis CNC Machine
5-Machines Axe CNC enhance the traditional 3-axis system by adding two additional rotary axes. This allows the cutting tool to approach the workpiece from virtually any direction without manual repositioning.
Avantages clés:
Machine five sides of a part in one setup
Ideal for complex geometries and curved surfaces
Improves accuracy and reduces lead time
Utilisations courantes:
Aerospace structural parts
Medical prosthetics
Intricate mold making
7. Fraiseuse CNC
Fraiseuses CNC use rotating multipoint cutters to shape the workpiece. They are highly versatile and capable of producing complex contours and cavities. CNC mills may operate on 3, 4, ou même 5 axes.
Cutter Types:
End mills
Face mills
Chamfer mills
Ball nose cutters
Applications:
Precision mold components
Automotive brackets
Custom mechanical parts
8. CNC Plasma Cutting Machine
Plasma cutting CNC machines use an ionized gas torch to slice through electrically conductive materials. The plasma jet reaches temperatures up to 30,000°F, cutting metals with high precision and speed.
Matériaux appropriés:
Acier au carbone
Acier inoxydable
Aluminium
Brass and copper
Caractéristiques:
High-speed cutting
Low operational cost
Ideal for sheet metal
9. CNC Laser Cutting Machine
Laser cutting machines employ focused light energy to vaporize or melt material. These CNC systems can achieve extremely tight tolerances and are used for both cutting and engraving.
Laser Types:
CO₂ Lasers (non-metals, gravure)
Fiber Lasers (les métaux, coupe à grande vitesse)
Nd:YAG Lasers (precision metal cutting)
Applications:
Signage and displays
Medical device fabrication
Automotive interior trimming
10. Electric Discharge CNC Machine (GED)
EDM machines use high-frequency electric discharges (des étincelles) between an electrode and a workpiece to remove material. It is especially useful for machining hard metals or intricate geometries.
Les types:
Électroérosion à fil
EDM à plomb
Avantages:
Precise internal cavities
No mechanical cutting forces
Works on very hard materials
11. CNC Grinding Machine
CNC grinders use abrasive wheels to finish surfaces with very tight tolerances. They are essential for applications where high surface quality and dimensional precision are crucial.
Applications:
Camshafts and crankshafts
Fabrication d'engrenages
Surface finishing of hardened components
Les types:
Surface grinding
Cylindrical grinding
Centerless grinding
12. CNC Machine with Automatic Tool Changer (ATC)
CNC machines with automatic tool changers can swap cutting tools during machining without manual intervention. This greatly improves cycle time and supports multi-operation parts in one setup.
Avantages:
Increased machining efficiency
Reduced operator involvement
Idéal pour la production à haut volume
How to Select the Right CNC Machine
Picking the right CNC machine might feel overwhelming at first, especially with so many types out there. But don’t worry—if you break it down, it’s all about figuring out what you want the machine to do, what kind of materials you’ll be working with, and how often you’ll be using it. Here are some easy tips to help you make the right choice:
What Material Are You Working With?
Start by asking yourself: What kind of stuff will I be cutting or shaping?
Si c'est bois, mousse, ou plastique, un CNC router might be perfect.
Si c'est métal, you’ll probably need something tougher like a CNC mill, lathe, ou coupe-plasma.
Pour complex shapes or hard materials, an EDM machine ou 5-axis mill might be the best fit.
How Big Are Your Parts?
Make sure the machine is big enough for your largest part. Always choose a machine that has a slightly bigger work area than your biggest project. This gives you more flexibility down the line.
What Features Do You Need?
Penser à:
Vitesse: How fast do you need the machine to work?
Tool changes: Will you be using lots of different tools? A machine with an automatic tool changer (ATC) can save a lot of time.
Axes: Do you need 3-axis movement, ou plus? The more axes, the more complex shapes you can make.
Is It Easy to Maintain and Repair?
Like any machine, CNC machines can wear out or break over time. Go for a model that’s well-known and has good support—it’ll be much easier to find replacement parts or get help when something goes wrong.
Exigences d'alimentation
CNC machines use a lot of electricity. Before you buy, check the power needs of the machine and make sure your workshop or factory can handle it. Some larger machines may need special power setups.
Quel est votre budget?
Bien sûr, money matters. Some CNC machines are more affordable but may have fewer features. Others cost more but save time and give better results. Think about how much you can spend maintenant and how much time or money the machine might save you later.
Conclusion
CNC machines revolutionize manufacturing by delivering unmatched precision, cohérence, et productivité. From subtractive methods like milling and grinding to additive approaches like 3D printing, each CNC machine type serves a distinct role in production.
Understanding the strengths and capabilities of each machine helps manufacturers and engineers select the most efficient solution for their needs.
En savoir plus:
L'atelier d'usinage CNC: Un guide complet
Types d'usinage EDM & Leurs applications
